polarpulse
Rank #52 on Content
Level 237 Comments: Ambassador Of Lulz Offline
Send mail to polarpulse Block polarpulse Invite polarpulse to be your friend flag avatar
| Last status update: | -
|
| | |
| Personal Info | |
| Age: | 21 |
| Date Signed Up: | 9/20/2015 |
| Last Login: | 1/13/2016 |
| Location: | Land of the bold and the brave |
| FunnyJunk Career Stats | |
| Content Ranking: | #52 |
| Comment Ranking: | #336 |
| Highest Content Rank: | #52 |
| Highest Comment Rank: | #321 |
| Content Thumbs: | 34909 total,
38078 ,
3169 |
| Comment Thumbs: | 8946 total,
10636 ,
1690 |
| Content Level Progress: | 46.8% (468/1000) Level 226 Content: Mind Blower → Level 227 Content: Mind Blower |
| Comment Level Progress: | 19% (19/100) Level 237 Comments: Ambassador Of Lulz → Level 238 Comments: Ambassador Of Lulz |
| Subscribers: | 12 |
| Content Views: | 2083524 |
| Times Content Favorited: | 3279 times |
| Total Comments Made: | 9920 |
| FJ Points: | 30187 |
latest user's comments
| #11157783 - and shovels, began open pan salt making. During the firs… [+] (4 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans, and a deficiency of the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine (hypothyroidism) and enlargement of the thyroid gland (endemic goitre) in adults or cretinism in children. Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, sodium iodide or sodium iodate. A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c) (8) (IV)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46-77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10-22 ppm. Sodium Ferro cyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent. The additive is considered safe for human consumption. Such anti-caking agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. The safety of sodium Ferro cyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the Committee on Toxicity in 1988. Other anticaking agents sometimes used include tricalcium phosphate, calcium or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate and calcium aluminosilicate. Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of aluminum in the latter two compounds. In "doubly fortified salt", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates iron deficiency anaemia, which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is ferrous fumarate. Another additive, especially important for pregnant women, is folic acid (vitamin B9), which gives the table salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries. A lack of fluorine in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of dental caries. Fluoride salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where water fluoridation is not carried out. In France, 35% of the table salt sold contains added sodium fluoride. The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. A major source of salt is seawater, which has a salinity of approximately 3.5%. This means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz.) of dissolved salts, predominantly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions, per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water. The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated. The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colors, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity. Elsewhere, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are either mined directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, this was done in shallow open pans which were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is performed in pans under vacuum. The raw salt is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln-dried. Some salt is produced using the Alberger process, which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake. The Ayoreo, an indigenous group from the Paraguayan Chaco, obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree (Maytenus vitis-idaea) and other trees. One of the largest salt mining operations in the world is at the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. The mine has nineteen stories, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of Himalayan salt is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum. In 2002, total world production (of sodium chloride in general, not just table salt) was estimated at 210 million tons, the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tons), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5) and Canada (12.3). During the period 2003 to 2008, global production of salt increased by 12% per year, and China took over as the largest producing nation as its chemical industry expanded. Food grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialized countries (7% in Europe), although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of salt production. Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanic sacrifices, in Hittite rituals and during festivals held by Semites and Greeks at the time of the new moon, salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith. In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water. In one of the hadiths recorded in Sunan Ibn Majah, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said that: "Salt is the master of your food. God sent down four blessings from the sky-fire, water, iron and salt". Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings. In Jainism, devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried. Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in Mahayana Buddhist tradition, and when returning home from a funeral, a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house. In Shinto, salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people (harae, specifically shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting patrons. In the Hebrew Bible, there are thirty-five verses which mention salt. One of these is the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, he is said to have "sown salt on it," probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? Or is there any taste in the white of an egg?" (Job 6:6). In the New Testament, six verses mention salt. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt" (Colossians 4:6). Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass. Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism) of the Celtic Consecration (cf. Gallican Rite) that is employed in the consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. | ||
| #11157781 - archaeological site next to a salt spring in Lunca, Neam… [+] (5 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| and shovels, began open pan salt making. During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt and salted meat to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in exchange for wine and other luxuries. The word salary originates from Latin: salarium which referred to the money paid to the Roman Army's soldiers for the purchase of salt. The word salad literally means "salted", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting leaf vegetables. Wars have been fought over salt. Venice fought and won a war with Genoa over the product, and it played an important part in the American Revolution. Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying duties, and towns like Liverpool flourished on the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of Cheshire. Various governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages of Christopher Columbus are said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the oppressive salt tax in France was one of the causes of the French Revolution. After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by Napoleon when he became emperor to pay for his foreign wars, and was not finally abolished until 1945. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led at least 100,000 people on the "Dandi March" or "Salt Satyagraha", in which protesters made their own salt from the sea thus defying British rule and avoiding paying the salt tax. This civil disobedience inspired millions of common people, and elevated the Indian independence movement from an elitist movement to a national struggle. Salt is mostly sodium chloride, the ionic compound with the formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine. Sea salt and freshly mined salt (much of which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of trace elements (which in these small amounts are generally good for plant and animal health). Mined salt is often refined in the production of table salt; it is dissolved in water, purified via precipitation of other minerals out of solution, and re-evaporated. During this same refining process it is often also iodized. Salt crystals are translucent and cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. The molar mass of salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801 °C (1,474 °F) and its boiling point 1,465 °C (2,669 °F). Its density is 2.17 grams per cubic centimeter and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it separates into Na+ and Cl− ions and the solubility is 359 grams per liter. From cold solutions, salt crystallizes as the dihydrate NaCl•2H2O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F).Salt is essential to the health of people and animals and is used universally as a seasoning. It is used in cooking, is added to manufacture foodstuffs and is often present on the table at mealtimes for individuals to sprinkle on their own food. Saltiness is one of the five basic taste sensations. In many cuisines around the world, salt is used in cooking, and is often found in salt shakers on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to 99 percent sodium chloride. Usually, anticaking agents such as sodium aluminosilicate or magnesium carbonate are added to make it free-flowing. Iodized salt, containing potassium iodide, is widely available. Some people put a desiccant, such as a few grains of uncooked rice or a saltine cracker, in their salt shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form. Some table salt sold for consumption contain additives which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans, and a deficiency of the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine (hypothyroidism) and enlargement of the thyroid gland (endemic goitre) in adults or cretinism in children. Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, sodium iodide or sodium iodate. A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c) (8) (IV)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46-77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10-22 ppm. Sodium Ferro cyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent. The additive is considered safe for human consumption. Such anti-caking agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. The safety of sodium Ferro cyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the Committee on Toxicity in 1988. Other anticaking agents sometimes used include tricalcium phosphate, calcium or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate and calcium aluminosilicate. Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of aluminum in the latter two compounds. In "doubly fortified salt", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates iron deficiency anaemia, which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is ferrous fumarate. Another additive, especially important for pregnant women, is folic acid (vitamin B9), which gives the table salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries. A lack of fluorine in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of dental caries. Fluoride salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where water fluoridation is not carried out. In France, 35% of the table salt sold contains added sodium fluoride. The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. A major source of salt is seawater, which has a salinity of approximately 3.5%. This means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz.) of dissolved salts, predominantly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions, per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water. The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated. The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colors, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity. Elsewhere, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are either mined directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, this was done in shallow open pans which were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is performed in pans under vacuum. The raw salt is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln-dried. Some salt is produced using the Alberger process, which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake. The Ayoreo, an indigenous group from the Paraguayan Chaco, obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree (Maytenus vitis-idaea) and other trees. One of the largest salt mining operations in the world is at the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. The mine has nineteen stories, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of Himalayan salt is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum. In 2002, total world production (of sodium chloride in general, not just table salt) was estimated at 210 million tons, the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tons), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5) and Canada (12.3). During the period 2003 to 2008, global production of salt increased by 12% per year, and China took over as the largest producing nation as its chemical industry expanded. Food grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialized countries (7% in Europe), although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of salt production. Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanic sacrifices, in Hittite rituals and during festivals held by Semites and Greeks at the time of the new moon, salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith. In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water. In one of the hadiths recorded in Sunan Ibn Majah, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said that: "Salt is the master of your food. God sent down four blessings from the sky-fire, water, iron and salt". Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings. In Jainism, devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried. Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in Mahayana Buddhist tradition, and when returning home from a funeral, a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house. In Shinto, salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people (harae, specifically shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting patrons. In the Hebrew Bible, there are thirty-five verses which mention salt. One of these is the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, he is said to have "sown salt on it," probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? Or is there any taste in the white of an egg?" (Job 6:6). In the New Testament, six verses mention salt. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt" (Colossians 4:6). Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass. Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism) of the Celtic Consecration (cf. Gallican Rite) that is employed in the consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. | ||
| #11157780 - Common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium ch… [+] (6 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| archaeological site next to a salt spring in Lunca, Neamț County, Romania. Evidence indicates that Neolithic people of the Precucuteni Culture were boiling the salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage to extract the salt as far back as 6050 BC. The salt extracted from this operation may have had a direct correlation to the rapid growth of this society's population soon after its initial production began. The harvest of salt from the surface of Xiechi Lake near Yuncheng in Shanxi, China, dates back to at least 6000 BC, making it one of the oldest verifiable salt works. There is more salt in animal tissues such as meat, blood and milk, than there is in plant tissues. Nomads who subsist on their flocks and herds do not eat salt with their food, but agriculturalists, feeding mainly on cereals and vegetable matter, need to supplement their diet with salt. With the spread of civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities. It was of high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. In the Middle East, salt was used to ceremonially seal an agreement, and the ancient Hebrews made a "covenant of salt" with God and sprinkled salt on their offerings to show their trust in Him. An ancient practice in time of war was salting the earth: scattering salt around in a defeated city in order to prevent plant growth. Abimelech was ordered by God to do this at Shechem, and various texts claim that the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus Africanus ploughed over and sowed the city of Carthage with salt after it was defeated in the Third Punic War (146 BC).Salt may have been used for barter in connection with the obsidian trade in Anatolia in the Neolithic Era. Herodotus described salt trading routes across Libya back in the 5th century BC. In the early years of the Roman Empire, roads such as the Via Salaria were built for the transportation of salt from the salt pans of Ostia to the capital. Salt was included among funeral offerings found in ancient Egyptian tombs from the third millennium BC, as were salted birds, and salt fish. From about 2800 BC, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the Phoenicians in return for Lebanon cedar, glass and the dye Tyrian purple; the Phoenicians traded Egyptian salt fish and salt from North Africa throughout their Mediterranean trade empire. In Africa, salt was used as currency south of the Sahara, and slabs of rock salt were used as coins in Abyssinia. Moorish merchants in the 6th century traded salt for gold, weight for weight. The Tuareg have traditionally maintained routes across the Sahara especially for the transportation of salt by Azalai (salt caravans). The caravans still cross the desert from southern Niger to Bilma, although much of the trade now takes place by truck. Each camel takes two bales of fodder and two of trade goods northwards and returns laden with salt pillars and dates. Salzburg, Hallstatt, and Hallein lie within 17 km (11 mi) of each other on the river Salzach in central Austria in an area with extensive salt deposits. Salzach literally means "salt river" and Salzburg "salt castle", both taking their names from the German word Salz meaning salt and Hallstatt was the site of the world's first salt mine. The town gave its name to the Hallstatt culture that began mining for salt in the area in about 800 BC. Around 400 BC, the townsfolk, who had previously used pickaxes and shovels, began open pan salt making. During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt and salted meat to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in exchange for wine and other luxuries. The word salary originates from Latin: salarium which referred to the money paid to the Roman Army's soldiers for the purchase of salt. The word salad literally means "salted", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting leaf vegetables. Wars have been fought over salt. Venice fought and won a war with Genoa over the product, and it played an important part in the American Revolution. Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying duties, and towns like Liverpool flourished on the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of Cheshire. Various governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages of Christopher Columbus are said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the oppressive salt tax in France was one of the causes of the French Revolution. After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by Napoleon when he became emperor to pay for his foreign wars, and was not finally abolished until 1945. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led at least 100,000 people on the "Dandi March" or "Salt Satyagraha", in which protesters made their own salt from the sea thus defying British rule and avoiding paying the salt tax. This civil disobedience inspired millions of common people, and elevated the Indian independence movement from an elitist movement to a national struggle. Salt is mostly sodium chloride, the ionic compound with the formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine. Sea salt and freshly mined salt (much of which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of trace elements (which in these small amounts are generally good for plant and animal health). Mined salt is often refined in the production of table salt; it is dissolved in water, purified via precipitation of other minerals out of solution, and re-evaporated. During this same refining process it is often also iodized. Salt crystals are translucent and cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. The molar mass of salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801 °C (1,474 °F) and its boiling point 1,465 °C (2,669 °F). Its density is 2.17 grams per cubic centimeter and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it separates into Na+ and Cl− ions and the solubility is 359 grams per liter. From cold solutions, salt crystallizes as the dihydrate NaCl•2H2O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F).Salt is essential to the health of people and animals and is used universally as a seasoning. It is used in cooking, is added to manufacture foodstuffs and is often present on the table at mealtimes for individuals to sprinkle on their own food. Saltiness is one of the five basic taste sensations. In many cuisines around the world, salt is used in cooking, and is often found in salt shakers on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to 99 percent sodium chloride. Usually, anticaking agents such as sodium aluminosilicate or magnesium carbonate are added to make it free-flowing. Iodized salt, containing potassium iodide, is widely available. Some people put a desiccant, such as a few grains of uncooked rice or a saltine cracker, in their salt shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form. Some table salt sold for consumption contain additives which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans, and a deficiency of the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine (hypothyroidism) and enlargement of the thyroid gland (endemic goitre) in adults or cretinism in children. Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, sodium iodide or sodium iodate. A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c) (8) (IV)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46-77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10-22 ppm. Sodium Ferro cyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent. The additive is considered safe for human consumption. Such anti-caking agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. The safety of sodium Ferro cyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the Committee on Toxicity in 1988. Other anticaking agents sometimes used include tricalcium phosphate, calcium or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate and calcium aluminosilicate. Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of aluminum in the latter two compounds. In "doubly fortified salt", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates iron deficiency anaemia, which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is ferrous fumarate. Another additive, especially important for pregnant women, is folic acid (vitamin B9), which gives the table salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries. A lack of fluorine in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of dental caries. Fluoride salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where water fluoridation is not carried out. In France, 35% of the table salt sold contains added sodium fluoride. The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. A major source of salt is seawater, which has a salinity of approximately 3.5%. This means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz.) of dissolved salts, predominantly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions, per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water. The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated. The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colors, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity. Elsewhere, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are either mined directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, this was done in shallow open pans which were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is performed in pans under vacuum. The raw salt is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln-dried. Some salt is produced using the Alberger process, which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake. The Ayoreo, an indigenous group from the Paraguayan Chaco, obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree (Maytenus vitis-idaea) and other trees. One of the largest salt mining operations in the world is at the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. The mine has nineteen stories, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of Himalayan salt is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum. In 2002, total world production (of sodium chloride in general, not just table salt) was estimated at 210 million tons, the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tons), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5) and Canada (12.3). During the period 2003 to 2008, global production of salt increased by 12% per year, and China took over as the largest producing nation as its chemical industry expanded. Food grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialized countries (7% in Europe), although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of salt production. Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanic sacrifices, in Hittite rituals and during festivals held by Semites and Greeks at the time of the new moon, salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith. In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water. In one of the hadiths recorded in Sunan Ibn Majah, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said that: "Salt is the master of your food. God sent down four blessings from the sky-fire, water, iron and salt". Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings. In Jainism, devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried. Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in Mahayana Buddhist tradition, and when returning home from a funeral, a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house. In Shinto, salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people (harae, specifically shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting patrons. In the Hebrew Bible, there are thirty-five verses which mention salt. One of these is the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, he is said to have "sown salt on it," probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? Or is there any taste in the white of an egg?" (Job 6:6). In the New Testament, six verses mention salt. In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt" (Colossians 4:6). Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass. Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism) of the Celtic Consecration (cf. Gallican Rite) that is employed in the consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. | ||
| #11157774 - Sodium, atomic number 11, was first isolated by Humphry Davy i… [+] (1 new reply) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | +2 |
| #11157764 - Picture | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | +1 |
| #11157763 - _** <MESSAGE DONGERED>**_ | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157758 - i did it anyways | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | +1 |
| #102116 - People often ask me what it means to be an American. I tell … [+] (1 new reply) | 12/30/2015 on Politics - politics news,... | 0 |
| | ||
| #11157753 - Should i post this on /pol/? People often ask me what… [+] (2 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
 **kilroydotexe used "*roll 1, Magic 8-Ball*"** **kilroydotexe rolls Don't count on it** | ||
| #11157751 - I got you m8 " Listen kid you don't want to see … [+] (1 new reply) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | +1 |
| #11157749 - What do you mean i'm still alive maybe if mlp didn't… | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157743 - i need help typing, im new to the americas and i dont know how… | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157740 - LE EKS DEE | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157737 - they are check boxes why do you have emoji memes [+] (2 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| Probably | ||
| #11157732 - ☐ SALT ☐ VERY SALT ☑ EXTREME SODIUM SALT 9000 [+] (5 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| Probably | ||
| #11157725 - 8=D [+] (7 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| Probably | ||
| #11157721 - get sp00ked | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157720 - **polarpulse used "*roll picture*"** **polarpulse rolled image ** | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | +2 |
| #11157718 - (° ~͜ʖ~ °)I heard-a you-a guys-a like-a da pasta!(° ~͜ʖ~ °) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157709 - ▒▒▒░░░░░░░░░░▄▐░░… [+] (2 new replies) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| | ||
| #11157706 - Hi this is agent Kappachino from the Kappa agency. I would lik… | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157704 - my dad used to tell me to not smoke. He always told me he woul… [+] (1 new reply) | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157695 - Do it tomorrow! So just quit! So just don't do it! Nothing is … | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #11157694 - ░░░░░▀▀▀██████▄▄▄░░░… | 12/30/2015 on Happy little board | 0 |
| #245 - ░░░░░▀▀▀██████▄▄▄░░░… | 12/30/2015 on polarpulse's profile | 0 |
Anonymous comments allowed.
104 comments displayed.
#343
-
polarpulse (14 hours ago) [-] #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb ***** #11207043 - polarpulse ONLINE (19 seconds ago) [-]No its **** posting time you dumb *****
#337 to #316
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] Dont forget that not only I'm at the hospital im also hungry
food will be ready soon but it will be after all the tests
food will be ready soon but it will be after all the tests
#338 to #337
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] My best wishes on the results.
Please stay well polar.
Please stay well polar.
#319 to #318
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] Ugh I had a fight with my best friend of 6 years on fb me and her aren't talking
#320 to #319
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] Oh i had one of those, this friend of 4 years got mad because she felt like i forgot her.
I was just busy, and she wanted more attention..
I was just busy, and she wanted more attention..
#321 to #320
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] Mine was because I threatening to kill myself in one of my unstable time and she didn't bother to help she just stated that I was contradicting my teachings and being a hypocrite so after my episode I got upset because she was close to me and at one point we told each other that we love each other now I'm feeling neglected and forgotten
that's one of the main reasons why I'm posting more on /autism/ because I'm trying to fill another void
that's one of the main reasons why I'm posting more on /autism/ because I'm trying to fill another void
#322 to #321
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] Oh i see, i'm sorry about that.
How long has it been since?
How long has it been since?
#323 to #322
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] 6 days and the only reason why I said that was because she's always upset that I keep my real emotions suppressed around her, and that I never talk about my problems
#324 to #323
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] Oh, you tried just speaking to her again?
Maybe (Im not saying anything right/wrong here) apologizing or explain to her that that's what she wanted in the first place...but maybe bringing it up like that was a bad move.
Maybe (Im not saying anything right/wrong here) apologizing or explain to her that that's what she wanted in the first place...but maybe bringing it up like that was a bad move.
#325 to #324
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] Maybe but I was trying to learn them. Hate her so when she left me I wouldn't get hurt
I'm not going to talk to her I'll just try and replace her since friends are replaceable...
I'm not going to talk to her I'll just try and replace her since friends are replaceable...
#326 to #325
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] That's friendship, you live, enjoy and hurt through it all together.
And i know i don't have to tell you but i still will, how much crap was in that last sentence.
I'll save you the whole mushy speech, you make new ones but you can't simply swap. That's not how it works, you dehumanize the people that care for you by thinking like that.
You can always get a new one but it'll never be the same and you're smart enough to realize this.
And i know i don't have to tell you but i still will, how much crap was in that last sentence.
I'll save you the whole mushy speech, you make new ones but you can't simply swap. That's not how it works, you dehumanize the people that care for you by thinking like that.
You can always get a new one but it'll never be the same and you're smart enough to realize this.
#327 to #326
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] I know it won't be the same
she was the last person I kept near and dear to me she was in my heart even when everyone left but I knew one day it would end I just prepared and just took it
sure it might be mean to just nit talk to her just because she hurt me and trying to replace her like a broken tool, but that's just what I do
I find someone new and try to integrate myself with them like a parasite
she was the last person I kept near and dear to me she was in my heart even when everyone left but I knew one day it would end I just prepared and just took it
sure it might be mean to just nit talk to her just because she hurt me and trying to replace her like a broken tool, but that's just what I do
I find someone new and try to integrate myself with them like a parasite
#328 to #327
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] You know you could always apologize or try and talk to her, nothing is stopping you from doing that except yourself.
Do you honestly want to throw away 6 years of your life all for one giant upset?
It's your only life you have, you have to fight and to have to do.
Do you honestly want to throw away 6 years of your life all for one giant upset?
It's your only life you have, you have to fight and to have to do.
#330 to #329
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] My sincerest Apologies.
But **** That. With what you're telling me pride has nothing to do with this.
But **** That. With what you're telling me pride has nothing to do with this.
#331 to #330
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] Idk I guess I just don't want to talk to her anymore
she always talks about herself and when I try to put myself on the picture she just keeps talking about herself and its been like that for a year she hasn't considered my feelings for a long fime
she always talks about herself and when I try to put myself on the picture she just keeps talking about herself and its been like that for a year she hasn't considered my feelings for a long fime
#332 to #331
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] So why don't you just tell her this exactly, are you scared?
#333 to #332
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] I dont know right know
right know all I can think of is food cause I'm hungry and I'm still at the hospital
right know all I can think of is food cause I'm hungry and I'm still at the hospital
#334 to #333
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] Look, just don't over think this.
Sometimes with friendship you just have to follow your gut and just do what feels right not what feels safe.
Go eat dummy.
Sometimes with friendship you just have to follow your gut and just do what feels right not what feels safe.
Go eat dummy.
#335 to #334
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] I can't I'm waiting on my little brother to be tested for his heart
#336 to #335
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/08/2016) [-] Oh i'm sorry i wasn't aware, you're going through alot this week it seems.
#309 to #308
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] why are you even here
only cool people can talk to me you are ew
only cool people can talk to me you are ew
#277 to #276
-
polarpulse (01/08/2016) [-] that part is squeezable since i've been somewhat exercising
#256
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/05/2016) [-] Hey polar can you restart that Waifu poll now since the board has some traffic?
#252
-
ingloriousgamer (01/03/2016) [-] you know theres a timer on content right? Only one content posted every 5 minutes get to be seen in newest section. I'm saying this because this.
#247
-
anon (01/03/2016) [-]
Cock is one of my favorite tastes. Not only that, but balls smell amazing. It makes me go a little crazy on it to be honest. Like, I cannot get it far enough down my throat to be satisfied. I’m only satisfied when I feel those intense, powerful, salty, hot pumps of cum down my throat. When I sit back on my heels, look up at you with cum all over my mouth and slobber running down my neck, hair all ****** up and wipe my mouth with the back of my arm and ask you if I did a good job and you cannot even speak because I’ve drained all of your energy out the tip of your dick….. That’s when I’m satisfied.
#246
-
cosmicswagmstr ONLINE (01/03/2016) [-] Hey i'm noticing you're deleting alot of your comments, what's up?
#236
-
chaosraptor (12/27/2015) [-] **chaosraptor used "*roll 1, Magic 8-Ball*"**
**chaosraptor rolls My reply is no**
would polar **** a zombie girl
**chaosraptor rolls My reply is no**
would polar **** a zombie girl
