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In quantum optics, a superradiant phase transition is a phase transition that occurs in a collection of fluorescent emitters (such as atoms), between a state containing few electromagnetic excitations (as in the electromagnetic vacuum), and a superradiant state with many electromagnetic excitations trapped inside the emitters. The superradiant state is made thermodynamically favourable by having strong, coherent interactions between the emitters.

The superradiant phase transition was originally predicted in so called Dicke model of superradiance when it is assumed that atoms have only two energetic levels and they are interacting only with one mode of the electromagnetic field [1] .[2] The phase transition occurs when the strength of the interaction between the atoms and the field is larger than the energy of the non-interacting part of the system which similarly to the case of superconductivity and ferromagnetism leads to the effective dynamical interactions between atoms of the ferromagnetic type and the spontaneous ordering of excitations below the critical temperature. It means that the collective Lamb shift in the system of atoms interacting with the vacuum fluctuations becomes comparable with the energies of atoms alone and the vacuum fluctuations cause the spontaneous self-excitation of matter.